The Essentials That Plants Need To Survive Environmental Sciences Essay

The Essentials That Plants Need To Survive Environmental Sciences Essay Gods creation is full of many wonderful creations. Most of these wonderful creations are living things. Three broad groups of living things are animals, humans, and plants. There are many different types of creatures and living things in each group but thats another topic. Humans and plants have quite a few basic components in common. In this paper, one will learn about how plants grow, what they need to grow, and the processes plants use to grow larger and survive. Humans need food and water to live. Plants need food and water as well but they also need sunlight to create energy in a different way that we use sunlight for our bodies. Humans, animals, and plants need to breathe, but animals and humans breathe in a gas called oxygen and breathe out a gas called carbon dioxide. Carbon dioxide is a mixture of one carbon atom and two oxygen atoms per molecule which forms the chemical CO2. Plants are just the opposite; they breathe in carbon dioxide and breathe out oxygen. So together we complete each other; we need each other to breathe which we need to do to survive. Another essential for plants is a chemical called nitrogen, which is found in soil. Nitrogen is also found in our bodies but we do not need it so it is disposed of. Its disposed through our feces and urine. The reason farmers and even people like you and me use manure is because it contains nitrogen to help the plants grow. Manure is a form of fertilizer. The beginnings of fertilizer started in the early to mid sixteen hundreds, invented by a man named Johann Glauber. The first ingredients in fertilizer were; saltpeter, lime, phosphoric acid, and potash. Later added was phosphate, which boosted the fertilizer industry so they moved into bomb factories after world war one ended. The idea to add phosphate was by a man named Sir John Lawes from the early eighteen hundreds to the beginning of the nineteen hundreds. The three main ingredients are; nitrogen, phosphate, and potassium but there are many other ingredients that change between each different type. Nitrogen is the key exponent i n syntheses in plants involving proteins, nucleic acids, and hormones. There are other things that plants need but less of because soil already contains small amounts of them. The other materials are; calcium, magnesium, and sulfur. Some ingredients can be found naturally like seaweed, bones, guano, sodium nitrate, potash, and phosphate rock that form things that plants need. (Gale, 3) The way plants produce food is though photosynthesis. Photosynthesis is where the plant uses water and carbon dioxide to produce oxygen and glucose. When we get hot we sweat but when plants get hot they evaporate water to their leaves to cool themselves down at their main heat receptors. The reason plants will wilt sometimes in heat is because they do not have enough water at that time to cool their leaves down and create food. A reason plants need water is to move their nutrients around through their roots, stem, leaves, and flower or fruit, depending on what kind of plant it is. First photosynthesis happens. Photosynthesis is the process of turning light energy into chemical energy. There are two parts of photosynthesis: light and dark reactions. The light reaction occurs in the thylakoid membrane. This makes the light energy into chemical energy. The chlorophyll and other pigments like a beta carotene group together to create the reaction. The energy created by the reaction makes a chemical called ATP, (adenosine triphosphate). The dark reaction happens in a stroma inside a chloroplast which turns carbon dioxide into glucose (sugar). Light is not necessarily needed for a dark reaction. It does need some things that make a light reaction though, like ATP and NADPH. This dark reaction goes through a cycle called the Calvin cycle, which combines Carbon dioxide and ATP to make glucose. Very quickly some of t hese chemical combine to form glucose. Then the water travels through the plant in a dew form in a part of the plant called the xylem into something like capillaries. (Carter, 5-7) We also need water to do pretty much the same thing, move nutrients around our bodies. Our bodies are made up of mostly water, about fifty five to sixty five percent water, so we need to replenish it many times a day by drinking water or we will begin to become dehydrated, like plants begin wilt from lack of water. How much water a plant needs depends on the climate, how old the plant is, and what type of plant it is. Water is also needed to maintain how much water there is in the plant cells. The water in the plant cells is in charge on how large and fast the plant grows. Too much water though will drown the plant. Too little will not fill its needs and it will cause it to wilt. Three ways to tell if your plant has the right amount of water for the plant to maintain its life: one, stick your finger in the soil of the plant about an inch and if its dry and hardened it needs water, if its soaked and watery it has to much water but if it is moist it is perfectly fine and should be continued to be watered the same amount of water. Two, hold the plant and pot in your hand, if it feels lighter in weight then usual it needs water so you should increase the water amount, if heavier in weight there is too much water in the plant so you should decrease the water amount. Three, if the soil is starting to push away from the sides of the pot the plant is in need of more water. Water also helps maintain the plants temperature through the evaporation of the water in the plant. When the water on the surface area evaporates in takes in more water into its roots. It all works as a circulation system just like our breathing and plants breathing circulate. At the beginning of the water cycle the water goes through another circulation process. This process also involves evaporation. It starts with a body of water, then the water in that body of water evaporates. Then the water turns into clouds. Clouds are made up of water and air. In the cloud a process called condensation happens. After that the water comes back down in a process called precipitation. Just like all cycles, this cycle repeats and repeats and repeats many times a day all over the world. The main reason it is more likely to rain during cold weather is because the cold air in clouds cannot hold as much water as in clouds with hot air. Earth is approximately seventy one percent water. Only about thre e percent of that water can be used for drinking and watering plants. Water is made up of two hydrogen atoms and one oxygen atom per molecule to form H2O (dihydrogen monoxide). Plants have almost the exact same essentials to survive as other living things such as humans and animals. One thing every living thing has in common is its need for water to maintain its life. Work Cited Page Armstrong, Shari. How Does Water Affect Plant Growth?. www.gardeningknowhow.com. 10/6/09. 10/7/09. Carter, J. Stein. Photosynthesis. http://biology.clc.uc.edu. 11/2/04. 1/11/10. . Gale, Thomson. Fertilizers. http://www.bookrags.com. 2005-2006. 1/11/10. . Jeffery. What do Plants need to Grow?. http://kidscientist.com. 11/3/07. 10/7/09. . Whitehead, Cathryn. Plants Need Water to Grow. http://www.ehow.com. 9/4/05. 10/7/09. .

Bu204 Macroeconomics Unit 2 Assignment

Renea Frymoyer BU204 01 September 29, 2012 ? Questions: 1. A representative of the American clothing industry recently made the following statement: â€Å"Workers in Asia often work in sweatshop conditions earning only pennies an hour. American workers are more productive and as a result earn higher wages. In order to preserve the dignity of the American workplace, the government should enact legislation banning imports of low-wage Asian clothing. † Answer the following: a. Which parts of this quote are positive statements? Which parts are normative statements?Positive statements are â€Å"claims that attempt to describe the world as it is† (Mankiw, 2011, p. 31). Normative statements are â€Å"claims that attempt to prescribe how the world should be† (Mankiw, 2011, p. 31). Positive statements * Workers in Asia often work in sweatshop conditions earning only pennies an hour. * American workers are more productive and as a result earn higher wages. Normative statem ents * In order to preserve the dignity of the American workplace, the government should enact legislation banning imports of low-wage Asian clothing. b.Would such a policy make some Americans better off without making any other Americans worse off? Explain who, and why. â€Å"In order to preserve the dignity of the American workplace, the government should enact legislation banning imports of low-wage Asian clothing. † Sweatshops once existed in the United States. With the accumulation of capital, technology was developed and implemented; workers became more educated, productive and their income increased; and working conditions improved (Hendrickson, 2006). This is the process of economic development.The explosion of sweatshops abroad has led to the decline of the apparel industry in the United States (Hendrickson, 2006). Economists are known to have conflicting views due to differences in values and perceptions (Mankiw, 2011, p. 34-35). Economist Josh Hendrickson believes it is in the best interest of Americans to import garments at lower cost because it allows the United States to focus capital and educated and skilled labor on ventures and enterprises that increase the standard of living and overall wealth of our country (2006).The United States has an absolute advantage in producing apparel and the opportunity cost is higher. Conversely, third-world countries with sweatshops have a comparative advantage and the opportunity cost is lower (Mankiw, 2011, p. 54-56). In regards to the preservation of dignity, sweatshops offer jobs where none existed before. Voluntary sweatshop workers are generally paid well in comparison to many in their country. The concern really should be for those who have jobs that pay less with worse working conditions and for those who have no job (Hendrickson, 2006). The standard of living in the locality of sweatshops increases.United States workers are incited to become educated and work hard to obtain high paying jobs. The majority do not feel in competition with third-world sweatshop workers. c. Would low-wage Asian workers benefit from or be hurt by such a policy, and why? Without a doubt, low-wage Asian workers would not benefit from such a policy. First, due to the difference in economic development and the standard of living, we cannot compare wages in the United States with (sweatshop) wages in third-world countries. Asian sweatshops generally offer their workers higher wages and acceptable working conditions.Because the work is manual, hours are long and productivity is low. Realizing that many have jobs with lower wages and worse working conditions or no jobs at all (Hendrickson, 2006), voluntary sweatshop workers are glad to have their jobs and enjoy a higher standard of living. 2. Referring to the same situation in question 1, but instead of legislation banning the imports, assume that the government enacts a special tax on imported clothing that is so high that the selling price of the impo rts would be equal to the selling price of the same clothing made in America.This kind of tax is called a tariff and is enacted to protect domestic producers of the same items that can be imported at much lower costs. Answer the following: a. What would shoppers see when they shopped in Wal-Mart and the other â€Å"big box† stores that sell so many imported items? If the government enacted a special tax on imported clothing making the selling price equal to the selling price of clothing made in the United States, shoppers would see imported items with much higher prices in discount stores.If the prices of clothing made in sweatshops and in the United States were comparative, shoppers would consider the trade-offs and opt to buy clothing made in the United States for higher quality, loyalty to United States workers, and the health of our economy (Mankiw, 2011, p. 4). Wal-Mart and â€Å"big-box† stores that sell so many imported clothing items would see a decrease in sal es. Shoppers would choose to buy clothing at stores that sell clothing made in the United States. These stores would see an increase in sales. b.Would this tax policy have a better effect, worse effect, or no different effect on American workers than the legislation banning the imports discussed in question 1? What kind of effect would the tax have on the Asian workers? Trade between two countries can make each country better off (Mankiw, 2011, p. 10). Third-world countries with sweatshops have a comparative advantage in producing clothing at a lower opportunity cost (Mankiw, 2011, p. 54-56). Sweatshops play a vital role in economic development by bringing investment, technology, and the opportunity for workers to build skills and improve their standard of living.By importing clothing, the United States is allowed to focus capital and educated and skilled workers on more lucrative ventures and enterprises aimed at advancing economic development and our standard of living (Hendrickso n, 2006). Trade allows countries to specialize in the activities they do best and to benefit from a multiplicity of goods and services at lower cost (Mankiw, 2011, p. 10). The tax would negate the economic development of third-world countries with sweatshops. Further, when Americans purchase imported goods and services, we are in effect, providing aid to poorer countries. . Atlantis is a small, isolated island in the South Atlantic. The inhabitants grow potatoes and catch fresh fish. The accompanying table shows the maximum annual output combinations of potatoes and fish that can be produced. Obviously, given their limited resources and available technology, as they use more of their resources for potato production, there are fewer resources available for catching fish. Maximum annual output options Quantity of potatoes Quantity of fish (pounds) (pounds) A 1,000 0B 800 300 C 600 500 D 400 600 E 200 650 F 0 675 a. Examine the Maximum annual output options table above and the resultin g Production Possibility Frontier Graph below and answer parts b – f. Production Possibility Frontier Graph b. Can Atlantis produce 500 pounds of fish and 800 pounds of potatoes? Explain. The economy of Atlantis can produce any combination of fish and potatoes on or inside the frontier. Given the economy’s resources, points outside the frontier are not feasible (Mankiw, 2001, p. 26).Because point b is outside of the frontier, Atlantis does not have the resources to produce 500 pounds of fish and 800 pounds of potatoes. c. What is the opportunity cost of increasing the annual output of potatoes from 600 to 800 pounds? If the annual output of potatoes is increased to 800 pounds, only 300 pounds of fish can be produced. Because the production possibilities frontier is bowed outward, the opportunity cost of potatoes is highest when the economy is many pounds of potatoes and fewer pounds of fish. It is steeper at point 800/300.When producing fewer pounds of potatoes and man y pounds of fish, the frontier is flatter and the opportunity cost of pounds of fish is lower. It is flatter at point 600/500 (Mankiw, 2001, p. 26-27). Answer: the opportunity cost is higher. d. What is the opportunity cost of increasing the annual output of potatoes from 200 to 400 pounds? If the annual output of potatoes is increased to 400 pounds, 600 pounds of fish can be produced. Because the production possibilities frontier is bowed outward, the opportunity cost of potatoes is highest when the economy is many pounds of potatoes and fewer pounds of fish.It is steeper at point 400/600. When producing fewer pounds of potatoes and many pounds of fish, the frontier is flatter and the opportunity cost of pounds of fish is lower. It is flatter at point 200/650 (Mankiw, 2001, p. 26-27). Answer: the opportunity cost is lower. e. Can you explain why the answers to parts c and d are not the same? When Atlantis is using the majority of its resources to produce pounds of fish, the resourc es best suited for producing pounds of potatoes are being used to produce pounds of fish.Because these workers likely are not good at producing pounds of fish, the economy will not have to forfeit producing many pounds of fish to increase producing more pounds of potatoes. The opportunity cost of pounds of potatoes is low and the frontier is flatter (Mankiw, 2001, p. 27-28). When Atlantis is using the majority of its resources to produce pounds of potatoes, the resources best suited for producing pounds of potatoes are already producing pounds of potatoes. Producing more pounds of potatoes means transferring some of the most skilled fishermen from producing pounds of fish to produce pounds of potatoes.Producing more pounds of potatoes will mean a significant loss in producing pounds of fish. The opportunity cost of producing pounds of potatoes is high and the frontier is steeper (Mankiw, 2001, p. 28). f. What does this imply about the slope of the production possibility frontier? Th e production possibilities frontier shows the trade-offs of producing fish and potatoes at a point in time. Due to a variety of circumstances, trade-offs can change. For example, the development and use of new fishing nets increases the pounds of fish that can be produced.Atlantis can now produce more pounds of fish compared to pounds of potatoes using the same resources. If Atlantis does not produce and pounds of fish, it can still produce 1,000 pounds of potatoes. One end point of the frontier stays the same (pounds of potatoes) but the rest of the production possibilities frontier shifts outward allowing economic growth (pounds of fish) (Mankiw, 2001, p. 28). The slope of the production possibilities frontier denotes the scale of the trade-off (Beggs, 2012). Beggs, Jodi. 2012). The production possibilities frontier. About. com Economics. Retrieved September 29, 2012, from http://economics. about. com/od/production-possibilities/ss/The-Production-Possibilities-Frontier_4. htm Hend rickson, Josh. (May 18, 2006). The economics of sweatshops. The Everyday Economist. Retrieved September 29, 2012, from http://everydayecon. wordpress. com/2006/05/18/the-economics-of-sweatshops/ Mankiw, N. Gregory. Principles of Macroeconomics. United States: Cengage Learning, 2011. Print.

The Impact of Surveillance Technology on Privacy Essay

The Impact of Surveillance Technology on Privacy David Brin in The Transparent Society warns us of the future of privacy that is on the horizon. With millions of cameras recording our every public move, who should have control of the information: companies and governments or we the citizens? If we take a look at Brins vision of our future, his solution to the problem, the role of ICTs and the Kelley Cam at IU, we can come to a conclusion that our privacy is on the line and we as citizens must act soon in order to keep our countrys foundational liberties. Brins vision of our future included the choice between two lifestyles that were illustrated by two cities. Both of the cities were based on who†¦show more content†¦There are already public cameras posted on the World Wide Web for anyone to view. The fact that public surveillance is growing indicates that it will continue this way and more and more information will be available to the public. The new technology is giving us access to information and is slowly eroding our privacy. The control over these cameras will be determined by who is the most adapted and positioned. This is why anyone who cares about their privacy ought to become avid users of ICT tools. By being literate with new technology, one can protest against the collection of personal information. Whether it is store surveillance, office surveillance or public surveillance, people need to know what they are dealing with. The expected privacy you believe you should have, in this information age, may be different from the privacy that actually exists. Privacy and the information age seem incompatible. Our nation is turning into a nation of information consumers. As an economy, we usually supply what the consumer demands. Giving everyone control of the cameras will further our move into an information consuming society. It will also bring about what Brin calls, a ?transparent society.? 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IBM’s artificially intelligent computer system Watson made...

IBM’s artificially intelligent computer system Watson made international news when it was able to defeat Jeopardy champions Brad Runner and Ken Jennings in February 2011. The game show is known for its tricky questions and nuances, and this presented a unique opportunity for IBM researchers to demonstrate the state of the art in computing technology. Though a computer winning a television game show hardly seems like an event for the history books, it was a monumental achievement in the field of artificial intelligence (AI). IBM touts the main features of Watson to be its ability to understand natural language, its hypothesis generation process, and its dynamic learning capacity. It was with these capabilities that Watson was able to be†¦show more content†¦The technological requirements for achieving AI at the level of the human mind may be on the near horizon; they may also have already been surpassed. But AI is certainly more than a novelty – research in AI is not just for the sake of creating human -like automatons. There are many potential applications of AI that could revolutionize how human beings interact with computers. So much of how people live their lives has changed since the commercialization of the computer. Every man, woman, and child seems to have a smart phone these days, and there isnt a job out there that doesnt require some proficiency in computer use. Imagine then, the impact of AI on society and the economic landscape. Not only would computers process data extremely fast, but they would possess the same intelligence as human beings. One application in particular is poised to have an enormous effect on one of the biggest industries in the United States and abroad: health care. The same technology that Watson used to win Jeopardy can be used to process all kinds of unstructured information. Medical diagnostics are based on research, records, and personal e xperience. AI could be used to scan through this information with incredible speed and accuracy, resulting in well-founded diagnoses without ever entering the doctors office. This is just one of the ways that AI may change how things are done in the modern world. But how close are we?Show MoreRelatedStephen P. Robbins Timothy A. Judge (2011) Organizational Behaviour 15th Edition New Jersey: Prentice Hall393164 Words   |  1573 PagesOrganizational Behavior This page intentionally left blank Organizational Behavior EDITION 15 Stephen P. Robbins —San Diego State University Timothy A. Judge —University of Notre Dame i3iEi35Bj! Boston Columbus Indianapolis New York San Francisco Upper Saddle River Amsterdam Cape Town Dubai London Madrid Milan Munich Paris Montreal Toronto Delhi Mexico City Sao Paulo Sydney Hong Kong Seoul Singapore Taipei Tokyo Editorial Director: Sally Yagan Director of Editorial Services:Read MoreCase Study148348 Words   |  594 Pagesin this publication to be reproduced for OHP transparencies and student handouts, without express permission of the Publishers, for educational purposes only. In all other cases, no part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise without either the prior written permission of the Publishers or a licence permitting restricted copying in the United Kingdom issued by the